The major culprit in Li-ion battery fires is a chemical process known as thermal runaway. In layman’s terms, thermal runaway occurs when, for one reason or another, something causes a spark inside the Li-ion battery’s casing, leading to a chain reaction that eventually causes that casing to explode. That explosion can start a fire on its own, but in the worst-case scenario, if the battery is near flammable materials like cloth or oil, the fire can spread very quickly.
So why does this happen? A Li-ion battery’s casing is airtight, holding electro-conductive gasses and chemicals. If the casing is compromised through physical damage or overheated from improper charging, the gasses are vaporized, and the case expands. When it reaches a critical point, it ruptures, releasing flammable fumes that can ignite violently. If the battery in question was in a smartphone, for instance, the phone would most likely explode.
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